Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid and the dominant omega-3 fatty acid in the brain, as well as the most abundant omega-3 fatty acid in the nervous system.
DHA is an omega-3 fatty acid that is highly concentrated in the fetal brain and nervous system.
Maternal transfer of DHA increases substantially during late pregnancy, when fetal brain and eye development are especially active.
Many pregnant patients do not meet seafood intake recommendations, making DHA intake an important point of assessment in prenatal nutrition counseling.
Prenatal dietary DHA intake may help support healthy birth weight and healthy pregnancy progression, in addition to its foundational role in fetal neurodevelopment.‡
Why DHA Matters During Pregnancy
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid and the dominant omega-3 fatty acid in the brain, as well as the most abundant omega-3 fatty acid in the nervous system. Because of its central role in neural structure and function, consuming dietary DHA is especially important during pregnancy.
DHA is involved in placental development early in pregnancy and continues to accumulate in the fetal brain throughout gestation, with the most rapid accretion occurring from approximately weeks 29 to 40, a period of accelerated brain and retinal development. DHA is also critically involved in neuronal growth and synapse formation during fetal development and early life, which helps explain why maternal DHA status before conception, during pregnancy and during lactation is clinically relevant.1,2 ‡
Assessing and Recommending DHA Intake in Clinical Practice
A practical issue in clinical care is that many women enter pregnancy with suboptimal DHA status, often due to low seafood intake or a dietary fatty acid pattern that does not support adequate omega-3 status.1 Early assessment is therefore important. A brief review of seafood intake can help determine whether a patient is likely meeting DHA needs through food alone.
Pregnant women are advised to consume 8 to 12 ounces of low-mercury seafood per week.3–5 Salmon is a particularly rich source of DHA, providing approximately 1.2 grams per 3-ounce serving.5
For patients with low seafood intake, food aversions or inconsistent intake of DHA-rich foods, supplementation may be considered. Several professional groups suggest a minimum of 250 mg/day of DHA plus EPA during pregnancy, with some recommending an additional 100 to 200 mg/day of DHA and others suggesting 600 to 1,000 mg/day, ideally beginning by 20 weeks gestation.5
Clinical Takeaway
DHA warrants clinical consideration during pregnancy because it supports fetal brain, nervous system and eye development. It may also contribute to healthy pregnancy progression and birth outcomes. From a practice standpoint, assessing DHA intake early, encouraging regular consumption of lower-mercury seafood (8-12 ounces per week) and identifying whether additional dietary or supplemental DHA support is needed can help promote adequate intake, ideally by 20 weeks gestation.‡
Pure Encapsulations® Options for Targeted Nutritional Support‡
DHA Ultimate is a supercritical CO2 extracted DHA fish oil that supports healthy neural and cognitive function.‡ Epidemiological studies indicate that a high intake of DHA is associated with healthy cognitive function in adults as well as infants born to mothers with a diet high in DHA.6,7 Suggested Dose: 2 softgel capsules daily, with a meal
EPA/DHA Essentials is an ultra-pure, microfiltered fish oil concentrate that supports cardiovascular health and daily wellness.‡ Suggested Dose: 1-2 softgel capsules daily, with a meal
Resources
For additional information to help you deliver the most effective care for women’s health from preconception to postpartum, refer to the resources below:
Drug-Nutrient Interactions Checker: Provides valuable information on potential interactions between your patients' prescriptions, over-the-counter medications and nutritional supplements.
Tahaei H, Gignac F, Pinar A, et al. Nutrients. 2022;14(3). doi:10.3390/nu14030518
About the Author
Dr. Kim Ross is a Doctor of Clinical Nutrition (DCN), Certified Nutrition Specialist (CNS®), Licensed Dietician Nutritionist (LDN), and a Functional Medicine Certified Practitioner (FMCP). She is an Associate Professor and the Director of Nutrition Programs for Sonoran University of Health Sciences. Dr. Ross has been in clinical practice (Ross Nutrition) since 2010, specializing in hormonal, mental, and gastrointestinal health, though she works with a broad range of health conditions.
+Dr. Ross is a paid consultant for Pure Encapsulations.
Dietary fiber may support weight management through several mechanisms. These include greater satiation and satiety, slower gastric emptying, healthy glycemic responses, and colonic fermentation that may influence appetite-related signaling.
Not all fibers behave the same way. Viscosity, fermentability dose, and food matrix all matter clinically. This helps explain variable patient responses.
A practical target for many adults is to consume 25 to 30 grams of fiber per day, or about 14 grams per 1,000 kcal. Increase intake gradually to improve gastrointestinal tolerance.
Literature now extends the conversation beyond "bulk and regularity". It now focuses on microbiota-mediated, metabolic and gut-brain mechanisms relevant to long-term weight management.
Mechanisms Tying Dietary Fiber to Weight Management
Fiber is a practical nutritional tool in weight management because it can improve the patient's experience with food. Meals built around fiber-rich foods are often more filling. They can help soften hunger intensity between meals and may also promote a healthy postprandial glucose response.1
Weight management is rarely about willpower and motivation.
It is shaped by whether a dietary pattern supports satiety, sustainability, adherence and metabolic regulation over time.
Dietary fiber influences weight management through several organs and physiological mechanisms.1–3
In the upper gastrointestinal tract, fiber can increase chewing time and meal volume. Depending on the type, fiber can also slow gastric emptying. These effects may support satiation during meals and satiety between meals, helping patients feel full sooner and remain satisfied longer.‡
In the small intestine, dietary fiber can slow nutrient absorption which may contribute to a more gradual postprandial glycemic response. This may support healthy blood glucose and insulin. It also supports more stable energy and appetite regulation.‡
In the colon, gut microbiota metabolizes fermentable fibers into short-chain fatty acids. These may participate in gut-brain and enteroendocrine signaling. This includes pathways involving hormones that modulate hunger and satiety, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY, cholecystokinin (CCK) and ghrelin.
These mechanisms suggest that fiber may support weight management not through a single effect, but through coordinated actions on digestion, healthy glycemic response, appetite signaling and energy intake.‡
Mechanisms Tying Dietary Fiber to Weight Management
Created with BioRender.com
Adapted from Ferri E et al. Int J Mol Sci. 202. 21:5236.
Dietary Fiber Characteristics That Influence Weight Management Outcomes
A key clinical takeaway is that fiber should not be viewed as a single intervention. Fibers differ in viscosity, fermentability, solubility, particle structure and food matrix. These characteristics influence their physiological effects.2,4
Soluble fibers, such as psyllium, beta-glucans, pectins and inulin, dissolve in water. This may affect gel formation, glycemic response and microbial fermentation. Insoluble fibers, such as flaxseed, wheat bran, cellulose and some hemicelluloses, often relate more to stool bulk and intestinal transit. Unfortunately, these categories do not fully predict physiological response.1,4
More viscous dietary fibers, such as psyllium, glucomannan and beta-glucans from oats and barley, are generally more relevant for gastric emptying, fullness and a healthy postprandial glycemic response. More fermentable fibers, such as inulin, fructooligosaccharides, resistant starch and some oligosaccharides, may exert greater effects in the colon through microbial metabolism and short-chain fatty acid production.1,4
Whole food sources, such as legumes, berries, chia seeds, vegetables and intact whole grains, deliver additional variables. These include food form, cellular structure and accompanying nutrients, all of which can modify physiological response.
These differences help explain why one patient may notice better satiety and appetite control, while another experiences more prominent effects on stool quality, glycemic response or digestive tolerance. Research suggests that baseline gut microbiota composition may also influence responsiveness to specific fibers, supporting growing interest in more personalized nutrition approaches.5,6
Not All Fibers Are the Same
Created with BioRender.com
Adapted from Ferri E et al. Int J Mol Sci. 202. 21:5236.
Clinical Application
Current guidelines suggest that adults benefit from consuming approximately 25 to 30 grams of fiber per day or about 14 grams per 1,000 kcal consumed. Notably, population intake remains well below recommended levels.4
Keep advice simple and direct for patients.
Encourage patients to build meals around fiber-rich foods such as legumes, vegetables, fruit, nuts, seeds and intact whole grains, increasing intake gradually to improve gastrointestinal tolerance.
Add one fiber-rich food to each meal as an initial step.
Set expectations appropriately. Fiber may support weight management, but it is not a stand-alone solution.‡
Fiber’s benefits are strongest when included in a diet that improves food quality, satiety and adherence. In that way, fiber helps support a healthy eating pattern for physiological and behavioral sustainability.‡
Pure Encapsulations® Options for Targeted Nutritional Support‡
Arabinogalactan (AG) is a fermentable prebiotic fiber found in high concentrations in North American larch trees.
Suggested Dose: 1 capsule, three times daily, between meals
PureLean® Satiety is designed to support relaxation and moderate appetite to promote healthy weight management†. It offers clinically researched DNF-10® to moderate caloric intake and promote satiety‡ Suggested Dose: 1 capsule, 1-2 times daily, with meals.
Resources
For additional information that includes diet and lifestyle recommendations for supporting weight management, refer to the resources listed below:
Weight Management Protocol: Designed by our scientific and medical advisors to help you deliver the most effective care and support weight management.
Drug-Nutrient Interactions Checker: Provides valuable information on potential interactions between your patients' prescriptions, over-the-counter medications and nutritional supplements.
Skeletal muscle is the predominant tissue in the human body, comprising 40% of overall body weight.1 We rely on our skeletal muscle for numerous physiological functions including movement, maintaining posture, generating force, metabolism and respiration.1
As people age, so do their skeletal muscles.
How Muscle Mass and Strength Change with Age
Age-related muscle decline can begin at age 30.3 More pronounced in sedentary individuals, muscle mass can be lost at a rate of 1% per year.2 Loss of muscle mass can also be accompanied by atrophy of muscle fibers and reduced muscle function and strength. This gradual decrease can progress, with an individual losing up to one-third of their muscle mass by age 80.2
Loss of muscle mass and strength in older individuals could contribute to fall risk, reduced mobility, loss of independence, and ability to perform daily functions.2
The Mitochondria’s Role in Muscle Health
Skeletal muscle is a tissue with high energy demands and mitochondria are primarily responsible for meeting this demand. Mitochondria not only power muscle contraction by supplying ATP, they also undertake other critical functions, including moderating intracellular calcium, cell proliferation, apoptotic signaling, regulation of redox states and immune response.3
Well-functioning mitochondria are essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and muscle health. Cellular mitochondrial health is maintained by growing the mitochondrial pool through mitochondrial biogenesis, through preserving fusion and fission and by ensuring the removal of altered mitochondria through mitophagy.
Mitophagy is a selective autophagy process that serves as the mitochondria’s own quality-control mechanism and involves removing and recycling altered mitochondria.4 Mitophagy helps preserve only healthy mitochondria for the mitochondrial pool.
Just as skeletal muscle function can change as the human body ages, mitochondria are also subject to the effects of aging, as shown in the illustration below. These age-associated changes in mitochondria can lead to altered mitophagy.5,6,7,8
When mitophagy is altered, it can lead to accumulation, rather than clearance of altered mitochondria.
Accumulation of these mitochondria can contribute to energy deficit and changes in the balance between anabolic and catabolic processes — important determinants of muscle mass, function, motor neuron and muscle fiber health.8,9,10
Created with BioRender.com
Adapted from Ferri E et al. Int J Mol Sci. 202. 21:5236.
Mitochondria can quickly adapt to changing conditions triggered by systemic or cellular challenges.3
Supporting mitochondrial function helps reduce loss of muscle mass and function and benefit overall health, specifically by enhancing mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy.3
Both sedentary and physically active are susceptible to age-related muscle decline, yet the degree of severity is highly variable and dependent upon multiple risk factors beyond mitochondrial health, including hormone and cytokine balance, malnutrition and degree of physical activity.11
Exercise and Nutrition Interventions for Age-Related Muscle Decline
Exercise
Lack of exercise is believed to be the leading risk factor for age-related muscle loss.11 Both resistance and aerobic training have been shown to improve the health of skeletal muscle by impacting mitochondrial quality and increasing muscle strength and function in older patients.11,12,13,14
Individually tailored exercise programs can support healthy aging and be a means of prevention and intervention for age-related muscle decline.
Created in Canva
In clinical studies demonstrating the benefits of aerobic, resistance or combined exercises, exercise was performed at least 2-3 times per week, for 30-60 minutes each session, for at least 8-12 weeks.12,13
When recommending exercise as a therapeutic option for patients, the duration of sessions, amount of weight, distance, and number of exercises should increase gradually based on each individual’s capability and improvement.
Nutrition
Forty percent of older individuals do not meet the recommended .8g/kg protein intake requirements in their diet.15 Poor protein intake, combined with decreased absorption and intake of other nutrients that are essential for muscle health like amino acids and vitamins and minerals, put older individuals at a greater risk of reduced muscle protein synthesis or “anabolic resistance” and muscle loss.16 In addition, changes in mitochondrial function that also occur with aging can contribute to oxidative stress and favor catabolism of the muscle.17,18,19
Two ways to support age-related muscle decline in the older patient involve assessing their protein and antioxidant intake. Recommended adequate protein in the older patient is 0.8 gm/2.2 lbs of body weight up to age 65, and 1 gm/2.2 lb of body weight after age 65.20
In a systematic review of 19 observational studies and 9 randomized-controlled trials, Besora-Moreno et al revealed that a higher intake of antioxidant foods was associated with better muscle preservation outcomes.21 A meta-analysis of 4 randomized-controlled trials by the same authors found that that higher fruit and vegetable consumption and supplemental protein each significantly improved.20
Adherence to a Mediterranean diet, which promotes a high intake of proteins, fibers and polyphenols, combined with an individualized exercise regimen can be an effective approach to age-related muscle changes in the aging patient.
Nutrients to Support Age-Related Muscle Decline
Along with adequate protein, a phytonutrient rich diet and exercise, focusing on nutrients that support cellular, mitochondrial and muscle health can help improve patient outcomes.
Urolithins are unique natural metabolites of intestinal bacteria that are produced by commensal microbiota after consuming foods rich in ellagitannins and ellagic acid — major health promoting constituents of pomegranates, nuts and berries. These unique polyphenols undergo metabolism by intestinal bacteria to small, highly absorbable metabolites called urolithins, which mediate the widely acclaimed health benefits of pomegranates and other ellagitannin-rich foods.22,23 Urolithin A also supports muscle function in preclinical models, improving endurance and exercise capacity in both young and age-related models of muscle decline.24‡
B vitamins are essential to basal mitochondrial function, serve as metabolic coenzymes and/or methyl donors.‡
PQQ provides B vitamin-like activity with unique antioxidant properties. PQQ supports mitochondrial, neuronal and cellular function, at least in part, by activation of Nrf2 and antioxidant gene expression. PQQ may also help to maintain cytokine balance.‡
Amino Acids are the building blocks for all proteins, making them essential for several body functions, including fluid balance, enzyme production, cellular repair and energy metabolism.25,26 Proper intake of amino acids is important for the synthesis, repair and metabolism of muscle, cells and tissues.‡
Creatine is an energy carrier that is naturally present in muscles, brain and other organs. It clinically studied to increase body strength, build muscle mass, and support recovery from strenuous exercise. Creatine also promotes growth factor signaling and glycogen storage to support gains in muscle strength.‡
Pure Encapsulations® Nutrient Solutions
Pure Encapsulations® offers high-quality supplements that are FREE FROM unnecessary additives and many common allergens for patients who may need support for age-related muscle changes. We offer nutrients individually and in combination to meet all your patients’ unique needs.‡
Klean Athlete® is a Pure Encapsulations partner brand.
Klean Athlete® is our dedicated sports nutrition brand designed to power peak performance through optimal health. By harnessing the science of sports nutrition, Klean Athlete® delivers safe, NSF Certified for Sport® supplements to support healthy, active lifestyles. Klean Athlete® is trusted by over 350 professional and collegiate sports teams and is the preferred brand of many of the world’s top coaches, trainers and health professionals.‡
Cellular Health
Renual enhances mitochondrial renewal to support energy output/energy production. Features Mitopure™ Urolithin A to power muscle function, increase cellular energy and promote healthy aging. Research indicates that urolithin A enhances autophagy, the natural process of cellular renewal in which the body degrades and recycles cellular components, as well as mitophagy, the clearance and recycling of older mitochondria. Resveratrol offers support for longevity, metabolic health, and mitochondrial function.27,28 CoQ10 is a key nutrient used in the energy production pathway. 29‡ Suggested Dose: Take 2 capsules, 1-2 times daily, with or between meals.
Ultra B Complex w/PQQ combines essential B vitamins with PQQ to support cellular energy production and mitochondrial bioenergetics and function. It also contains alpha lipoic acid and luteolin for enhanced antioxidant and cellular support.‡ Suggested Dose: Take 1 capsule, 1-2 times daily, with meals.
Muscle Health
Creatine supports muscle strength, performance and recovery‡ It promotes growth factor signaling and glycogen storage to support gains in muscle strength and supports quick conversion of ADP to ATP energy.‡ Suggested Dose: 1 1/2 tsp daily mixed with 8 oz of water or beverage of choice.
KLEAN Isolate™ supplies 20 grams of high-quality whey protein isolate in each serving. The dietary protein provided by Klean Isolate™ supplies essential amino acids, including branched chain amino acids that participate in many of the body’s metabolic and physiologic systems. With no additional flavorings or sweeteners, Klean Isolate™ can easily be added to any beverage to enhance daily protein and amino acid intake.‡ Suggested Dose: Adults take 1 scoop daily mixed with 10-12 oz. of water or other beverage (cool or room temperature), or as directed. For best results, take within 45 minutes after being active.
KLEAN Plant-Based Protein™ by Klean Athlete® supplies a blend of pea and organic brown rice protein to provide amino acids for muscle protein synthesis. ProHydrolase® enzymes are included to break down protein for increased amino acid absorption and to ease digestion, along with Sunfiber® for gastrointestinal health.‡ Suggested Dose: 1 scoop daily mixed with 10-12 ounces of water or other beverage, or as directed by a trainer, coach or health professional.
Digestive Support
Digestive Enzymes Ultra w/ Betaine HCl contains an extensive profile of betaine HCl and digestive enzymes to support protein, carbohydrate, fat, fiber and dairy digestion while promoting enhanced nutrient bioavailability and absorption. Encourages optimal gastric pH with betaine HCl, which is important for the enhanced digestion of protein and other nutrients for daily wellness and healthy neurotransmitter synthesis.‡ Suggested Dose: 2 capsules with each meal, or as directed by a health professional.
Summary
Loss of muscle mass and strength can significantly impact an individual’s well-being and ability to live independently. Providing patients with targeted, personalized nutrition and exercise interventions to enhance anabolic processes and cellular health can greatly influence their quality of life now, and as they age.
Pure Encapsulations® provides uniquely formulated products made with high-quality, pure ingredients backed by verifiable science to complement your plan of care.
Drug-Nutrient Interactions Checker: Provides valuable information on potential interactions between your patients' prescriptions, over-the-counter medications and nutritional supplements.
New Research on Clinical Strategies to Support Biological Age
Biological age isn’t the future of care — it’s already reshaping patient expectations today. Patients are prioritizing their health span, and the demand for biological age assessments is expected to triple over the next ten years.
Most patients already understand the value of good nutrition, quality supplements and a balanced lifestyle. But what if these habits could do more than support day-to-day wellness — what if they could actually slow down or even reverse biological age?
A new pilot study published in the ACNEM Journal (September 2025) explored exactly that. Over just 90 days, researchers tracked how structured nutrition, supplementation and lifestyle program affected participants’ biological age using advanced DNA methylation tests. The results were eye-opening: participants reduced their biological age by an average of 2–9 years, depending on the biomarker used.
Here’s what that means and why it matters.
Chronological Age vs. Biological Age: What’s the Difference?
Chronological age is how many years a person has been alive. Biological age, however, reflects how fast a person’s cells are aging.
Scientists measure this using “epigenetic clocks that read DNA methylation patterns. These chemical tags on your DNA change with lifestyle, stress, sleep and nutrition adjustments. Certain clocks estimate overall biological age (like Horvath and PhenoAge), while others measure the pace of aging or cellular changes.
In this study, four clocks were used:
PC PhenoAge – predicts health span and risk
DAMAge – measures DNA changes and cellular stress
Intrinsic Epigenetic Age – cellular aging independent of immune changes
DunedinPACE – rate of aging per year
What Did the 90-Day Study Involve?
Forty-one adults, aged 30–81, completed a three-month holistic protocol that included:
1. A structured whole-food nutrition plan
6 servings of vegetables per day (greens, cruciferous and colorful varieties)
1.6–2.0 g protein per kg ideal body weight
No added sugars and a diet focusing on whole foods
2. Daily movement and strength training
At least 30 minutes of exercise per day
Strength training 3 times per week
Stress-management practices (5–10 minutes daily)
3. Targeted supplement support
Participants received a blend of supplements including:
Methylated B-complex (with L-5-MTHF and methylcobalamin)
Resveratrol (100 mg/day)
Ubiquinol (200 mg/day)
A nutrigenomic detox complex (sulforaphane, NAC, ALA, curcumin)
Nicotinamide riboside (100 mg/day)
These ingredients target core “hallmarks of aging,” including oxidative stress, mitochondrial decline, inflammation and epigenetic alterations.
The Results: Biological Age Dropped — Fast
PC PhenoAge
Decreased 2.3 years on average in just 3 months
(p = 0.0029; statistically significant)
DAMAge (Cellular Clock)
Decreased 8.8 years on average
(p = 0.00019; highly significant)
Intrinsic Epigenetic Age & DunedinPACE
Showed small but positive improvements
Not statistically significant, but directionally favorable
In short, participants became biologically younger and accumulated less cellular changes in just 90 days.
Why Did It Work? A Multi-Pathway Approach
This wasn’t a single “magic bullet”, it was a synergistic lifestyle approach that targeted multiple aging pathways:
Methylation and Nutrition Support
Methylated B vitamins support DNA methylation, stress-hormone metabolism, and genomic stability. A vegetable-rich diet provides polyphenols that influence epigenetic regulation.3‡
Polyphenols and Cellular Defense
Resveratrol supports healthy cytokine balance, improves metabolic markers, and helps to scavenge free radicals which are responsible for skin aging--thanks to its antioxidant activity. Sulforaphane activates the Nrf2 pathway, improving detoxification and antioxidant capacity.‡
Mitochondrial Health
Ubiquinol boosts energy production and reduces oxidative stress. Nicotinamide riboside increases NAD+, a coenzyme essential for DNA repair, mitochondrial function, and cellular resilience.‡
This multi-modal strategy addressed key hallmarks of aging simultaneously, resulting in meaningful biological rejuvenation.
What This Means for Health and Longevity
If your patients already value supplementation and healthy living, this study reinforces something powerful:
Small, consistent daily habits can significantly influence how fast the body ages at the cellular level.
This research shows that:
Biological age is modifiable
Improvements can happen quickly
A holistic approach is more powerful than isolated changes
Supplements that support methylation, detoxification and mitochondrial health can meaningfully enhance results
While more research is needed, the message is clear; daily lifestyle choices are one of the most powerful tools available for extending health span.
For more comprehensive resources on biological age, refer to:
This content is an adaptation and summary of Furness D, Taylor P, Three-Month Nutritional and Lifestyle Intervention Reduce Biological Age: A Pilot Study Using DNA Methylation Clock. ACNEM Journal 2025 Sep; Vol 44, No 3.
It is not authored, endorsed, or reviewed by the original researchers or publishers. The information is provided for educational purposes only and should not be relied upon as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Accuracy and completeness are not guaranteed. Always refer to the original source and consult a qualified professional for guidance specific to your situation.
Associated References:
The Consumer Longevity Revolution: Mapping the Future of Health, Wealth, and Wellness. Version 1.2. September 2025. LEMON – Dare to Imagine; in partnership with 40+Lab and Kompassium. Available from: https://kompassium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/The-Consumer-Longevity-Revolution-text-29-09-2025.pdf
Crider KS, Yang TP, Berry RJ, Bailey LB. Folate and DNA methylation: a review of molecular mechanisms and the evidence for folate's role. Adv Nutr. 2012 Jan;3(1):21-38.
Choi SW, Friso S. Modulation of DNA methylation by one-carbon metabolism: a milestone for healthy aging. Nutr Res Pract. 2023 Aug;17(4):597-615. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2023.17.4.597.
Borsoi FT, Neri-Numa IA, de Oliveira WQ, de Araújo FF, Pastore GM. Food Chem (Oxf). 2022 Dec 13;6:100155.
Wu Q, Xiao C, Ouyang B, Farag MA, Yuan Y, Simal-Gandara J, Cao H, Xiao J. Phytomedicine. 2025 Nov 25;148:157495.
Xia N, Daiber A, Förstermann U, Li H. Antioxidant effects of resveratrol in the cardiovascular system. Br J Pharmacol. 2017 Jun;174(12):1633-1646. doi: 10.1111/bph.13492. Epub 2016 May 6. PMID: 27058985; PMCID: PMC5446570.
Cao X, Liao W, Xia H, Wang S, Sun G. The Effect of Resveratrol on Blood Lipid Profile: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients. 2022 Sep 11;14(18):3755.
Liu K, Zhou R, Wang B, Mi MT. Effect of resveratrol on glucose control and insulin sensitivity: a meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014 Jun;99(6):1510-9.
Fahey JW, Talalay P. Antioxidant functions of sulforaphane: a potent inducer of Phase II detoxication enzymes. Food Chem Toxicol. 1999 Sep-Oct;37(9-10):973-9.
Gomes, A. P., et al. Cell, vol. 155, no. 4, 2013, pp. 1624–1638.
Trammell, S. A. J., et al. “Nicotinamide Riboside Is Uniquely and Orally Bioavailable in Mice and Humans.” Nature Communications, vol. 7, 2016, p. 12948.
Vreones M, Mustapic M, Moaddel R, Pucha KA, Lovett J, Seals DR, Kapogiannis D, Martens CR. Oral nicotinamide riboside raises NAD+ and lowers biomarkers of neurodegenerative pathology in plasma extracellular vesicles enriched for neuronal origin. Aging Cell. 2023 Jan;22(1):e13754.
